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2024-05-TP-02

Start Time: 2024-05-10T00:00:00Z

End Time: 2024-05-16T00:00:00Z

Solar Cycle: 25

Space Weather Impacts:

Comment/Notes:

Super-Storm

Observed Max Indices :

Index	TimeStamp	Min/Max Value	Source
Daily local noon-time observed (F10.7obs) solar radio flux F10.7	2024-05-10T00:00:00Z	223.4	Dominion Radio Astrophysical Observatory and Natural Resources Canada (via iSWA HAPI API)
1-minute AE-index	2024-05-10T19:48:00Z	4098.0	World Data Center for Geomagnetism, Kyoto (via CDAWEB HAPI API)
1-minute AL-index	2024-05-10T19:48:00Z	-3797.0	World Data Center for Geomagnetism, Kyoto (via CDAWEB HAPI API)
1-minute AU-index	2024-05-10T22:51:00Z	1876.0	World Data Center for Geomagnetism, Kyoto (via CDAWEB HAPI API)
Provisional-hourly-Dst	2024-05-11T02:00:00Z	-406.0	World Data Center for Geomagnetism, Kyoto (via iSWA HAPI API)
Quicklook-hourly-Dst	2024-05-11T02:00:00Z	-412.0	World Data Center for Geomagnetism, Kyoto (via iSWA HAPI API)
1-minute SYM/H index	2024-05-11T02:14:00Z	-518.0	World Data Center for Geomagnetism, Kyoto (via CDAWEB HAPI API)
3-hour-Kp	2024-05-11T03:00:00Z	9.0	GFZ German Research Centre for Geosciences (via iSWA HAPI API)
3-hour-Ap	2024-05-11T03:00:00Z	400.0	GFZ German Research Centre for Geosciences (via iSWA HAPI API)
3-hour-Kp	2024-05-11T12:00:00Z	9.0	GFZ German Research Centre for Geosciences (via iSWA HAPI API)
3-hour-Ap	2024-05-11T12:00:00Z	400.0	GFZ German Research Centre for Geosciences (via iSWA HAPI API)
Daily International Sunspot Number (SN)	2024-05-13T00:00:00Z	244.0	Royal Observatory of Belgium, Brussels (via iSWA HAPI API)

Useful Links for users who are interested in this TP (e.g. iSWA layouts, DONKI events, etc.):

Plots of Observed Indices on ISWA for this TP

CCMC-DONKI-Catalog of all events for this TP

05082024cmes-ISWA-layout

DONKI M2M Weekly Space Weather Summary Report for May 08, 2024 - May 14, 2024

DONKI-2024-05-10T15:00:00-GST-001

DONKI-2024-05-12T21:00:00-GST-001

Publications Studying/Related to this Time Period :

Tulasi Ram, S., Veenadhari, B., Dimri, A. P., Bulusu, J., Bagiya, M., Gurubaran, S., et al. (2024). Super-intense geomagnetic storm on 10–11 May 2024: Possible mechanisms and impacts. Space Weather, 22, e2024SW004126.

Hisashi Hayakawa, et al. 2025. The Solar and Geomagnetic Storms in 2024 May: A Flash Data Report. ApJ, 979, 49.

Gonzalez-Esparza, J. A., Sanchez-Garcia, E., Sergeeva, M., Corona-Romero, P., Gonzalez-Mendez, L. X., Valdes-Galicia, J. F., et al. (2024). The mother's day geomagnetic storm on 10 May 2024: Aurora observations and low latitude space weather effects in Mexico. Space Weather, 22, e2024SW004111.

Themens, D. R., Elvidge, S., McCaffrey, A., Jayachandran, P. T., Coster, A., Varney, R. H., et al. (2024). The high latitude ionospheric response to the major May 2024 geomagnetic storm: A synoptic view. Geophysical Research Letters, 51, e2024GL111677.

Yuan Tao , Pautet P. D. , Taylor M. J. (2025). Midlatitude mesosphere and lower thermosphere variations during the extreme gannon geomagnetic storm in May 2024. Frontiers in Astronomy and Space Sciences, Volume 11.

Schennetten Kai , Matthiä Daniel , Meier Matthias M. , Berger Thomas , Wirtz Michael. (2024). The impact of the Gannon Storm of May 2024 on the radiation fields at aviation altitudes and in low earth orbits. Frontiers in Astronomy and Space Sciences, Volumn 11.

Mlynczak, M. G., Hunt, L. A., Nowak, N., Marshall, B. T., & Mertens, C. J. (2024). Global thermospheric infrared response to the Mother's day weekend extreme storm of 2024. Geophysical Research Letters, 51, e2024GL110701.

Kwak YS, et al. . Observational Overview of the May 2024 G5-Level Geomagnetic Storm: From Solar Eruptions to Terrestrial Consequences. J. Astron. Space Sci. 2024;41(3):171-194.

Hisashi Hayakawa, et al. (2025). The Solar and Geomagnetic Storms in 2024 May: A Flash Data Report. The Astrophysical Journal, Volume 979, Number 1.

Hongfan Chen, Gabor Toth, Yang Chen, et al. GeoDGP: One-Hour Ahead Global Probabilistic Geomagnetic Perturbation Forecasting using Deep Gaussian Process. ESS Open Archive . December 23, 2024.

Parker, William E. and Linares, Richard. (2024). Satellite Drag Analysis During the May 2024 Gannon Geomagnetic Storm. Journal of Spacecraft and Rockets, Volumn 61, number 5, pages 1412-1416.

Xiao Liu, Jiyao Xu, Jia Yue, Wenbin Wang, Juliano Moro, Mesosphere and Lower Thermosphere Temperature Responses to the May 2024 Mother's Day Storm,Volume52, Issue2 28 January 2025 e2024GL112179

Chernogor, L. F., Energetics of physical processes operated on May 8–12, 2024: From the solar storm to lithospheric disturbances, Advances in Space Research

Elvidge, Sean and David Themens (2024), The Probability of the May 2024 Solar Superstorm, Preprint – not undergone peer review.

Evans, J. S., Correira, J., Lumpe, J. D., Eastes, R. W., Gan, Q., Laskar, F. I., et al.(2024). GOLD observations of the thermospheric response to the 10–12 May 2024 Gannon superstorm. Geophysical Research Letters, 51, e2024GL110506.

Foster, J. C., Erickson, P. J., Nishimura, Y., Zhang, S. R., Bush, D. C., Coster, A. J., et al. (2024). Imaging the May 2024 extreme aurora with ionospheric total electron content. Geophysical Research Letters, 51, e2024GL111981.

Grandin, M., Bruus, E., Ledvina, V. E., Partamies, N., Barthelemy, M., Martinis, C., Dayton-Oxland, R., Gallardo-Lacourt, B., Nishimura, Y., Herlingshaw, K., Thomas, N., Karvinen, E., Lach, D., Spijkers, M., and Bergstrand, C.: The Gannon Storm: citizen science observations during the geomagnetic superstorm of 10 May 2024, Geosci. Commun., 7, 297–316

HMI Science Nuggets, Extraordinary Magnetic Flux Emergence Rate Preceding the May 2024 Extreme Geomagnetic Disturbances. Retrieved 31 October 2024 from http://hmi.stanford.edu/hminuggets/?p=4216.

How NASA tracked the most intense solar storm in decades (2024, May 16). Retrieved 27 January 2025 from https://phys.org/news/2024-05-nasa-tracked-intense-solar-storm.html

Huang, F., Lei, J., Zhang, S.‐R., Wang, Y., Li, Z., Zhong, J., et al. (2024). Peculiar nighttime ionospheric enhancements over the Asian sector during the May 2024 superstorm. Journal of Geophysical Research: Space Physics, 129, e2024JA033350.

Kruparova, Oksana, Vratislav Krupar, Adam Szabo, David Lario, Teresa Nieves-Chinchilla, and Juan Carlos Martinez Oliveros (2024), Unveiling the Interplanetary Solar Radio Bursts of the 2024 Mother’s Day Solar Storm, The Astrophysical Journal Letters, 970:L13 (7pp), 2024 July 20.

LASP scientists make unprecedented observations of the ionosphere and thermosphere during May solar superstorm - Laboratory for Atmospheric and Space Physics, Sept 13, 2024. retrieved 27 January 2025 from https://lasp.colorado.edu/2024/09/13/gold-solar-superstorm/

Lazzús, J.A. and I. Salfate (2024), Report on the effects of the May 2024 Mother’s day geomagnetic storm observed from Chile, Journal of Atmospheric and Solar–Terrestrial Physics 261 (2024) 106304.

Mavromichalaki, H.; Papailiou, M.-C.; Livada, M.; Gerontidou, M.; Paschalis, P.; Stassinakis, A.; Abunina, M.; Shlyk, N.; Abunin, A.; Belov, A.; et al. Unusual Forbush Decreases and Geomagnetic Storms on 24 March, 2024 and 11 May, 2024. Atmosphere 2024, 15, 1033.

Pierrard, V.; Winant, A.; Botek, E.; Péters de Bonhome, M. The Mother’s Day Solar Storm of 11 May 2024 and Its Effect on Earth’s Radiation Belts. Universe 2024, 10, 391.

Ramanathan, Alagappan and Sangeetha Abdu Jyothi. 2024. Weathering a Solar Superstorm: Starlink Performance during the May 2024 Storm . In Proceedings of 2nd International Workshop on LEO Networking and Communication (LEO-NET 24). ACM, New York, NY, USA, 6 pages

Scientific American, The Science of Heliophysics Demands Its Moment in the Sun, May 30, 2024. Retrieved 27 January 2025 from https://www.scientificamerican.com/article/during-mays-solar-superstorm-the-little-known-science-of-heliophysics-kept/

Space Daily, Geomagnetic Superstorm in May Drives Significant Atmospheric Changes. Retrieved 27 January 2025 from https://www.spacedaily.com/reports/Geomagnetic_Superstorm_in_May_Drives_Significant_Atmospheric_Changes_999.html

Spogli, Luca et al., (2024), The effects of the May 2024 Mother’s Day superstorm over the Mediterranean sector: from data to public communication, ANNALS OF GEOPHYSICS, 67, 2, PA218, 2024

Starr, Michelle (2024), The Solar Storm Was So Intense We Felt It Even at the Bottom of the Ocean: Science Alert. Retrieved on 1/28/25 from https://www.sciencealert.com/the-solar-storm-was-so-intense-we-felt-it-even-at-the-bottom-of-the-ocean

Te Patiki – Palmerston North Astronomical Society Inc., MAY 2024. https://www.facebook.com/PalmerstonNorthAstronomicalSociety. http://pnastronomy.webs.com/

Thampi, Smitha V., Indu Venugopal, Ankush Bhaskar (August 2024), Super-fountain Effect: Unleashing the Role of Electric Fields During the Extreme Geomagnetic Storm on May 10-11, 2024. Preprint.

Wang, H., Cheng, Q., Lühr, H., Zhong, Y., Zhang, K., & Xia, H. (2024). Local time and hemispheric asymmetries of field‐aligned currents and polar electrojet during May 2024 superstorm periods. Journal of Geophysical Research: Space Physics, 129, e2024JA033020.

Yamazaki, Yosuke, Jürgen Matzka, Marcos Vinicius Siqueira da Silva, et al. Assessment of Kp=9 Geomagnetic Storms Including the May 2024 “Gannon Storm” Based on Version 3.0 Hpo Indices. ESS Open Archive . August 08, 2024.

Zhao, Ming-Xian and Gui-Ming Le (2025), Dependence of SYMH Change Rate on Dynamic Pressure during the Main Phases of Storms: A Comparative Analysis of the 2024 May and 2003 November Superstorms, The Astrophysical Journal, 978:157 (5pp), 2025 January 10.